Citizenship of the Foreign Born - 1940 US Census

What does the "4" mean??

     Census records are a genealogist's go-to for information. Based on the year, you can learn so much information about your ancestors and it can lead you to more records to look up. The biggest clue these sources will provide is where our ancestors came from. And not just where they came from, but when they came to the United States and whether or not they were naturalized. Most of these columns are pretty straight forward, but sometimes you run into an anomaly.

      A friend and fellow genealogist, Lisa Buckner from Roam Your Roots, posted a query on her Instagram regarding the Citizenship of Foreign Born column on the 1940 US Federal Census. For this column, if the registrant is of a Foreign Birth, then the Enumerator is to put in this column one of four choices: "Al" for Alien, "Pa" for First Papers, "Na" for Naturalized or "Am Cit" for American Citizen. I learned about this when I was researching a friend's family a few months ago. Pretty straight forward right? Not so fast. Lisa found another option for that column. The number "4". What does that mean?

     

1940 US Federal Census

Centralia, Marion, Illinois

Ancestry.com

     The census above is just a sample. I went looking through the 1940 census from an area local to my ancestors to see if this anomaly appeared in any other locations and it does. Lisa posted about this in our Genealogy Facebook group, GAA (Genealogy Addicts Anonymous) and she got the same responses. So we determined this wasn't an accident. There had to be a reason this number was used. And yet, no one knew what that reason was. And if there was a reason, there had to be instructions somewhere for the Enumerator that explained when to use the number "4". So off to the internet to search for answers.

     The first place I checked was the National Archives website (NARA). They have a lot of great resources for understanding records. That's where I first learned about this column and what the different acronyms meant. The NARA website does have the complete Enumerator instructions for the 1940 US Federal Census, so I read through that. Unfortunately, nothing was mentioned about when to use the number 4 in that column. This was the first place Lisa checked as well and came up with the same conclusion. 

Instructions to Enumerators

Population and Agriculture - 1940

Pg 47-48

Col. 16: Citizenship of Foreign Born

Archives.gov

     Back to the drawing board. After that, I checked the Family Search Wiki. They are another great source for learning about records and how to locate them. Unfortunately, they didn't have anything different than what the National Archives website had. There had to be information somewhere that instructed the Enumerators to use the number "4" for this column. Ok, Google, what do you got?

     I put in the search bar "1940 US Census Citizenship of Foreign Born" to see if something would come up. Initially, nothing stood out. Then I found this one blog called Ancestor Roundup. I glanced over this post, It Was a 7: One 1940 Census Code Revealed and found a link to another site, IPUMS USA - US Census Date for Social, Economic, and Health Research. This link is to view "the procedural history that explains the post-enumeration coding done by the staff of the Census Bureau"  for the 1940 census. This would be what we were working for.

     If you scroll down to the section, "Operation 7: Instructions for General Population Coding", Pg 7 Place of Birth and Citizenship, bullet number 45:

Procedural History of the 1940 Census

of Population and Housing

Pg 128/192

IPUMS-USA.org

"If you are unable to supply a missing entry for a foreign-born person, enter '4' (for unknown) in col. 16. (The code '4' should never be entered in col. 16 for a person reported in col. 15 as born 'At sea,' see par. 43 above.)"

     That explains the use of the number "4". If they never received an answer to the question to determine what entry should be given in col. 16, then they put the number "4". You may be asking why would they not have an answer for this column. There could be a number of reasons, but one I am thinking would be is that they never spoke to this person directly and the person giving the information would not know. You have to understand, if an Enumerator could not get information from a family, they could ask a neighbor. And a neighbor more than likely wouldn't have in-depth information like this.

     You may be also asking why I chose to write a blog post about this. Honestly, because there was no answer to this question anywhere online. Even on the major sites like the NARA. And given the fact other people on the GAA Facebook page were asking the same question, I felt the answer needed to be shared.

     So now we have an answer to the curious question that Lisa Buckner from Roam Your Roots presented. If you haven't checked out Roam Your Roots yet, click on the link above to check out her genealogy travel site. Lisa gives great tips on her blog and provides awesome travel vlogs on her youtube channel. Don't forget to sign up for her newsletter when you visit her page.  

      Maybe I will take some time and review Census Records for unaddressed topics people may have questions about. If you have some questions about Census Records, post them down below and I will see if I can come up with the answer. Hope this particular entry was helpful to you!

Vintage Family Recipes - Gooey Butter Cake

     Gooey Butter Cake, a St. Louis staple for sure! Have you ever heard of it? Most people out of St. Louis have either not heard of it or have heard about it, but haven't tried it. Let me tell you, oh it's delicious! Since I am from St. Louis, I am very familiar with this ooey-gooey dessert.
     But how did it come about? Who created this fantastic dessert? Well, there are plenty of claims around about who came up with it first. There are two stories mentioned on the website, "What's Cooking America?" Two families claim to be the original creators of this iconic recipe, but neither have the proof to back up their stories. This article does include a recipe for Gooey Butter Cake, but it doesn't match the recipe left behind by Grandma.
   

The recipe is typed out below to better understand

Gooey Butter Cake

9x13in Pan, Grease

Crust on bottom:

1 Yellow Cake Mix**

1 Egg

1 Stick of Oleo*, soft (butter) &

press it in the bottom of the pan

Filling:

2 Eggs

1-1 lb box of Powdered Sugar

1-8 oz cream cheese, soft &

mix and pour on top and

bake 350° for 40-45 minutes

and let cool & sprinkle

some powder sugar on top.

     This recipe was in my grandma's collection when it was given to me. It was just written down on a notecard. I've had this recipe for many years now, but never tried it. I've only seen my mom and grandma make it, but that was about 20 years ago. So since we have had time recently because of the self-quarantine, I decided to give this recipe a shot. 

Everything I used in this recipe

UPDATE: I never took into account the different ingredients that were available in other locations, so I am adding some substitutions in case some items are not available. Note: I have not tried the cake with these substitutions as of yet, so I do not know how it will turn out. If you have found success using the substitutions or have used something else that works better, please leave a comment below.

*Oleo is an old term that was used for Margarine back in the day. Margarine is more like a solidified vegetable oil and was much cheaper to use than butter. So many recipes had this as a substitute. I do not use Margarine. I avoid it for its unhealthy content. So I use real butter. Our butter comes in sticks, so the measurement is one stick of butter. That translates to 1/4 lb. butter or 1/2 c. depending on what your normal unit of measurement is. 

**Yellow Cake Mix comes pre-mixed in boxes here by us. See photo above. If you do not have pre-mixed cake mixes by you, here is what you will need:

2 1/4 c. (281g) all-purpose flour

1 1/2 c. (300g) granulated sugar

3 1/2 tsp. baking powder

1 tsp. salt

Optional:

1 Tbsp. Vanilla Extract for flavoring

Note: The recipe listed above is the dry ingredients for a basic yellow cake mix. I have not tried this substitution for the box of Yellow Cake Mix, so I do not know how this is going to work or taste. You may need the optional Vanilla Extract to give it flavoring, because the box mix may already have vanilla flavoring. I am only basing that assumption on the fact when I mixed the box mix, I smelled vanilla.

If you would like to see how I made this recipe myself with the original ingredients listed,

watch the video below.

Photos of the finished product!

     So this is going to be something new I'm going to do during this time. Trying to cook some vintage family recipes from my collection. Since my Papa Fuchs's birthday is coming up in June, I'm going to make a recipe that is in the Oakland cookbook that my Grandma Fuchs provided, called George's Casserole. It sounds similar to ratatouille. We will see!